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1 genetic translation
Иммунология: генетическая трансляция -
2 genetic translation
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3 genetic translation
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4 genetic translation
s.traducción genética. -
5 translation
translation трансляция, синтез полипептидной цепи белковой молекулы, программируемый специфической последовательностью нуклеотидов в полинуклеотидной цепи иРНКgenetic translation генетическая трансляцияnick translation никтрансляцияEnglish-Russian dictionary of biology and biotechnology > translation
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6 translation
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7 translation
cell-free translation — трансляция в бесклеточной системе, трансляция in vitro
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8 algorithm
ˈælɡərɪðm сущ.;
мат. алгоритм algorithm validation ≈ проверка правильности алгоритма(специальное) алгоритм - * validation проверка /доказательство/ правильности алгоритмаalgorithm мат. алгоритм ~ алгоритмalmost-dual ~ приближенно двойственный алгоритмbest-route ~ вчт. алгоритм выбора оптимального маршрутаbranching ~ вчт. ветвящийся алгоритмcompression ~ вчт. алгоритм сжатияdigit-by-digit ~ вчт. детальная программаdouble-sweep ~ вчт. алгоритм двойного поискаdual simplex ~ двойственный симплексный алгоритмestimation ~ вчт. алгоритм оцениванияexchange ~ вчт. перестановочный алгоритмgeneral ~ вчт. общий алгоритмgenetic ~ вчт. генетический алгоритмgreedy ~ вчт. поглощающий алгоритмinteger ~ целочисленный алгоритмmaximin ~ вчт. максиминный алгоритмminimax ~ вчт. минимаксный алгоритмnested ~ вчт. вложенный алгоритмnetwork ~ вчт. алгоритм решения задач сетевого планированияoperative ~ вчт. рабочий алгоритмoptimal path ~ алгоритм выбора оптимального маршрутаoptimization ~ вчт. алгоритм оптимизацииpainter's ~ вчт. алгоритм живописцаplacement ~ вчт. алгоритм размещенияproblem ~ вчт. алгоритм задачиrecursive ~ вчт. рекурсивный алгоритмrobus ~ вчт. живучий алгоритмrouting ~ вчт. алгоритм трассировкиscheduling ~ вчт. алгоритм планированияsearch ~ вчт. алгоритм поискаsimplex ~ вчт. симплексный алгоритмsmoothing ~ вчт. алгоритм хешированияstack ~ вчт. магазинный алгоритмtesting ~ вчт. алгоритм тестированияtext-to-speech ~ вчт. алгоритм речевого воспроизведенияtransportation ~ вчт. алгоритм решения транспортной задачиverification ~ вчт. алгоритм верификацииwave ~ вчт. волновой алгоритмБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > algorithm
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9 algorithm
- ad hoc algorithm
- adaptive algorithm
- aim algorithm
- algorithm for path connections
- automatic assessment algorithm
- back-propagation algorithm
- banker's algorithm
- best-route algorithm
- bicomponent algorithm
- bipartitioning algorithm
- bisection algorithm
- branch-bound algorithm
- branching algorithm
- cascading algorithm
- chain algorithm
- channel router algorithm
- coarse-to-fine algorithm
- column sweep algorithm
- combinatorial algorithm
- computational algorithm
- computing algorithm
- conservative algorithm
- control algorithm
- convergent algorithm
- curve-fitting algorithm
- cutting-plane algorithm
- D-algorithm
- decision algorithm
- decoding algorithm
- demand-paging algorithm
- deterministic algorithm
- digit-by-digit algorithm
- divide-and-conquer algorithm
- double-sweep algorithm
- draphics algorithm
- drawing algorithm
- DSP algorithm
- dual algorithm
- durable algorithm
- earliest-deadline-first algorithm
- edge-based algorithm
- event-scheduling algorithm
- exchange algorithm
- fault-handling algorithm
- fine-to-coarse algorithm
- fixed-stealing algorithm
- fixed-step-size algorithm
- flow-synthesis algorithm
- forward-looking algorithm
- generalized algorithm
- genetic algorithm
- Goto algorithm
- graph algorithm
- graph traversal algorithm
- greedy algorithm
- grid expansion algorithm
- hardware algorithm
- heuristic algorithm
- Hightower algorithm
- incorrect algorithm
- inference-based algorithm
- inferencing algorithm
- instruction issue algorithm
- integer algorithm
- integrated query optimization algorithm
- iteration algorithm
- iterative algorithm
- layout algorithm
- layout copmaction algorithm
- leaky bucket algorithm
- learning algorithm
- least frequently used algorithm
- least recently used algorithm
- Lee-expansion algorithm
- Lee-type algorithm
- levelization algorithm
- linear expansion algorithm
- line-placing algorithm
- line-probe algorithm
- logical algorithm
- mathematically based algorithm
- mathematically intensive algorithm
- maximum matching algorithm
- mesh algorithm - minimum path-length algorithm
- modeling algorithm
- multikey algorithm
- multipass algorithm
- nested algorithm
- network algorithm
- normal algorithm
- no-wait algorithm
- operative algorithm
- optimal assignment algorithm
- optimal cutting algorithm
- ordering algorithm
- page-replacement algorithm
- paging algorithm
- parallel algorithm
- partitioning algorithm
- path-tracing algorithm
- pipeline algorithm
- pitch algorithm
- placement algorithm
- prediction algorithm
- primal-dual algorithm
- primary algorithm
- problem algorithm
- procrastination algorithm
- public-key algorithm
- quorum-based algorithm
- random search algorithm
- recognition algorithm
- recursive algorithm
- relaxation algorithm
- replicate algorithm
- robust algorithm
- round-robin algorithm
- routing algorithm
- scanline algorithm
- scheduling algorithm
- sequential algorithm
- shortest path algorithm
- shrinking algorithm
- simplex algorithm
- simulated annealing algorithm
- software algorithm
- spanning tree algorithm
- speech generation algorithm
- speed-enhancing algorithm
- square rooting algorithm
- steepest ascent algorithm
- systolic algorithm
- testing algorithm
- text-to-speech algorithm
- threshold decoding algorithm
- timetable scheduling algorithm
- trace back algorithm
- translation algorithm
- transportation algorithm
- tree-search algorithm
- two-dimensional placement algorithm
- two-list algorithm
- type-inferencing algorithm
- unconstrained minimization algorithm
- universal algorithm
- variable-stealing algorithm
- Vintr algorithm
- VLSI algorithm
- write-back algorithmEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > algorithm
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10 model
1) макет; модель || моделировать2) образец4) модель, тип ( изделия)5) шаблон•- countably saturated model - countably uniform model - coupled channels model - finite state model - finitely generated model - game-theory model - random trial increment model - random walk model - sampling model -
11 algorithm
[ˈælɡərɪðm]ad hoc algorithm специальный алгоритм algorithm мат. алгоритм algorithm алгоритм almost-dual algorithm приближенно двойственный алгоритм approximation algorithm алгоритм аппроксимации best-route algorithm вчт. алгоритм выбора оптимального маршрута bisection algorithm вчт. алгоритм двоичного поиска branching algorithm вчт. ветвящийся алгоритм composite simplex algorithm составной симплексный алгоритм compression algorithm вчт. алгоритм сжатия computing algorithm вычислительный алгоритм control algorithm алгоритм управления convergent algorithm сходящийся алгоритм decision algorithm алгоритм выбора решения digit-by-digit algorithm вчт. детальная программа distance vector algorithm вчт. дистанционный векторный алгоритм double-sweep algorithm вчт. алгоритм двойного поиска dual simplex algorithm двойственный симплексный алгоритм estimation algorithm вчт. алгоритм оценивания exchange algorithm вчт. перестановочный алгоритм general algorithm вчт. общий алгоритм genetic algorithm вчт. генетический алгоритм greedy algorithm вчт. поглощающий алгоритм integer algorithm целочисленный алгоритм layout algorithm алгоритм компоновки maximin algorithm вчт. максиминный алгоритм minimax algorithm вчт. минимаксный алгоритм multikey algorithm вчт. алгоритм многомерного поиска nested algorithm вчт. вложенный алгоритм network algorithm вчт. алгоритм решения задач сетевого планирования operative algorithm вчт. рабочий алгоритм optimal path algorithm алгоритм выбора оптимального маршрута optimization algorithm вчт. алгоритм оптимизации painter's algorithm вчт. алгоритм живописца placement algorithm вчт. алгоритм размещения prediction algorithm вчт. алгоритм прогнозирования primal algorithm вчт. алгоритм решения прямой задачи problem algorithm вчт. алгоритм задачи random search algorithm алгоритм случайного поиска recursive algorithm вчт. рекурсивный алгоритм robus algorithm вчт. живучий алгоритм routing algorithm вчт. алгоритм трассировки scheduling algorithm вчт. алгоритм планирования search algorithm вчт. алгоритм поиска sequential algorithm вчт. последовательный алгоритм shortest route algorithm алгоритм выбора кратчайшего пути simplex algorithm вчт. симплексный алгоритм smoothing algorithm вчт. алгоритм хеширования software algorithm вчт. программно-реализованный алгоритм stack algorithm вчт. магазинный алгоритм testing algorithm вчт. алгоритм тестирования text-to-speech algorithm вчт. алгоритм речевого воспроизведения translation algorithm вчт. алгоритм преобразования transportation algorithm вчт. алгоритм решения транспортной задачи verification algorithm вчт. алгоритм верификации wave algorithm вчт. волновой алгоритм -
12 system
system системаabsorbent system лимфатическая системаaction system характер поведенияadaptive enzyme system адаптивная ферментная системаadrenal system адренальная системаartificial system искусственная системаassociation virus systems ассоциированные вирусные системыaubulacral system амбулакральная системаautomated lab system автоматизированная лабораторная системаautomatic feedback control system система автоматического регулирования с обратной связьюautonomic nervous system автономная нервная система, вегетативная нервная системаbacterial system бактериальная системаbalanced lethal system система сбалансированных детальных геновbatchwise system система периодического действияbinary system двойная система (номенклатуры)blood coagulation system система свертывания кровиblood-group system система групп кровиbounded system замкнутая системаbreeding system система разведенияcardiovascular system сердечно-сосудистая системаcell-free system бесклеточная системаcentral nervous system центральная нервная системаcirculatory system система кровообращения, кровеносная системаclosed circulatory system закрытая кровеносная системаclosed culture system замкнутая система культивирования периодического действияclosed ecological system замкнутая экологическая системаclosed-loop system замкнутая система регулированияcollecting system собирающая система (почки)compartmental systems компартментные системыcomputer-video microscope system микроскоп с телевизионным ЭВМ-корректором изображенияconjugated double-bond system система с сопряжёнными двойными связямиcontrol system система управленияcontrolled system регулируемая системаcorpuscular system of heredity корпускулярная система наследственностиcoupled system сопряжённая (с чем-л.) система (напр. дыхания)cross flow system перекрестно-поточная системаcytochrome system цитохромная системаdata transmission system система передачи данныхdigestive system пищеварительная системаdisintegration test system система проверки прочностиdistribution system распределительная системаdrug delivery system система направленной транспортировки лекарствecological system экосистемаenzyme analyzer system автоматизированная система определения ферментативной активностиenzyme system ферментная системаequilibrium system равновесная система, сбалансированная системаesophageal sympathetic nervous system стоматогастрическая симпатическая нервная системаexcretory system выделительная системаfeedback system система с обратной связьюfibrous root system мочковатая корневая системаfluidized-bed system система с псевдоожиженным слоемgas chromatography - gas spectroscopy computer system автоматическая система для газовохроматографического и газовоспектроскопического анализаgel casting unit system ячейка для формования геляgenetic system генетическая системаgenetical system генетическая система, совокупность клеточных и молекулярных структур, участвующих в передаче и преобразовании генетической информацииgenital system репродуктивная система, половая системаgrit removal system система механической очистки от пескаhaplo-diploid system гапло-диплоидная система определения полаHaversian system остеон, костная единица, Гаверсова системаheart-vascular system сердечно-сосудистая системаhepatic-portal system воротная система печениhollow-fiber filter system система мембранной фильтрацииhomothallic sexual system гомоталлическая половая системаhormonally regulated system гормонально регулируемая системаhost-vector expression system система экспрессии векторной ДНК в хозяинеhost-vector system система хозяин-векторная ДНКhost-virus system система вирус - клетка хозяина, комплекс вирус - клетка хозяинаhumoral system гуморальная системаhyat unit system метод суммирования биологически активных сумм температурhydrodynamic system гидродинамическая системаinducible adaptive enzyme system индуцибельная адаптивная ферментная система (включаемая посредством внешнего индуктора)inducing system индуцирующая системаinstinctive control system система инстинктивной регуляцииjoint transcription-translation system сопряженная система транскрипции и трансляцииlab system набор автоматических или автоматизированных приборов, подключённых к ЭВМ для проведения экспериментальных исследованийlimbic system лимбическая системаliving system живая системаlymphatic system лимфатическая системаlysogenic system лизогенная система; система бактериальная клетка - фаг в состоянии профагаmodification-restriction system система рестрикции - модификацииmonitored manual control system контролирующая система с ручным управлениемnervous system нервная системаnonspecific projection system неспецифическая проекционная системаopen circulatory system незамкнутая кровеносная системаopen culture system открытая система непрерывного культивированияopen growth system открытая система непрерывного культивированияpacked-bed system система с наполнителемparasympathetic nervous system парасимпатическая нервная системаperipheral sensory nervous system подкожная нервная сеть, подкожное нервное сплетениеphotosynthetic system фотосинтезирующая системаphylogenetic system филогенетическая системаpolygene system полигенная системаportal system воротная системаproprioceptive sensory system проприоцептивная чувствительная системаrapid cooling system система резкого охлажденияreactive system реагирующая системаrepair system система репарацииrepressible adaptive enzyme system репрессибельная адаптивная ферментная система (выключаемая посредством внешнего репрессора)reproductive system репродуктивная система, половая системаreticulo-endothelial system ретикуло-эндотелиальная системаroot system корневая системаsaprobity system система биологической самоочисткиschlieren optical system шлирен-системаschlieren system шлирен-системаself-balancing system саморегулирующаяся системаsensory system чувствительная системаsparging system система барботированияspindle system веретённая системаstomatogastric sympathetic nervous system стоматогастрическая симпатическая нервная системаsympathetic nervous system симпатическая нервная системаsynthesizing system синтезирующая (напр. белок) системаtaproot system корневая система с главным корнемtaxonomic system таксономическая системаtightly coupled system прочносопряжённая системаtrinary system тройная система (номенклатуры)urinary system мочевая системаurogenital system мочеполовая системаvacuolar system система вакуолейvascular system сосудистая система (растений)vegetative nervous system автономная нервная система, вегетативная нервная системаventral sympathetic nervous system (энт) брюшная нервная цепочкаvisceral nervous system висцеральная нервная системаvisceral sympathetic nervous system висцеральная симпатическая нервная системаwater-vascular system амбулакральная системаEnglish-Russian dictionary of biology and biotechnology > system
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13 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
См. также в других словарях:
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genetic code — the code in which genetic information is carried by DNA and messenger RNA. This information determines the sequence of amino acids in every protein and thereby controls the nature of all proteins made by the cell. The genetic code is expressed by … The new mediacal dictionary
genetic science — noun the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms • Syn: ↑genetics • Derivationally related forms: ↑genetic (for: ↑genetics), ↑genetical (for: ↑genetics) … Useful english dictionary
